child custody statistics by gender uk child custody statistics by gender uk

41% of females received a suspended sentence for this offence, compared with 20% of males. The conviction ratio for female children in 2019 was 67%, 4 percentage points lower than in 2015 and 3 percentage points lower than the male child conviction ratio (70%) in 2019. We use some essential cookies to make this website work. In general, females appear to be substantially underrepresented throughout the CJS compared with males. The overall child conviction ratio for indictable offences remained broadly stable since 2015, at 70%. (Office of National Statistics) In 2007, 27.6% of children lived with their mother in the UK, while just 2.4% lived only with their father. Youth custody data - February 2014 published. More than 500 lay people (59 percent men, 41 percent women) also were recruited online to take part in the study. Supplementary Excel (in an Open .ods format) tables accompany the chapters, providing additional data where the figures have not previously been published (or not published in that form). Time Method View help for Time Method The other ethnic groups all had the same custody rate of 35%. , PSRs provide information to the court about the offender and any circumstances surrounding the offence, to help decide on a suitable sentence. In 2018, the Ministry of Justice published the Female Offender Strategy, which sets out the departments vision and plan to improve outcomes for women in the community and custody. In 2019, Black males were particularly over represented, accounting for 12% of all male prosecutions. Data on PSRs relates to those aged 18 or older and all offence types. Young females who were sentenced to custody for more than 12 months had a 73% proportion with SEN without a statement compared to 65% for young males. If you have any feedback about the changes referred to in the introduction, or the report more generally, please contact the production team through the Justice Statistics Analytical Services division of the Ministry of Justice: Over the last 5 years at Crown Court, there was a steady increase in the proportion of both male and female defendants who were not remanded, with a gradual increase of the proportion remanded in custody, offset by a decrease in the proportion of those bailed. The median offence to completion for all individual offence groups is higher for females than males except for violence against the person and theft offences. , See technical guide for more information on what this service covers. Figure 4.01: Number of arrests, by age group and sex, 2015/16 to 2019/20. A higher proportion of males were proceeded against for indictable offences (22%) compared to females (10%). , Details can be found in the Technical Guide published alongside this report. Young males receiving less than 12 months in custody were less likely to receive any pass in GCSEs than young females (60% v 67%). To help us improve GOV.UK, wed like to know more about your visit today. This chapter also includes analysis on the educational attainment and overall educational background of offenders through a data sharing exercise between MoJ and DfE. In 2019, 1.29 million defendants[footnote 48] were directed to appear at magistrates courts (including those who failed to appear). It should be noted that because children comprise less than 10% of all offenders prosecuted for an indictable offence (where sex and age of the defendant is known), trends should be interpreted with caution. The Ministry of Justice would welcome any feedback on the content, presentation or on any other aspect of this bulletin we can be contacted through: Figure 7.02 Conviction ratios for indictable offences by sex and ethnic group, England and Wales, 2019. Figure 6.02: Proportion of prisoners serving immediate custodial sentences by sentence length, sex, June 2019. To help us improve GOV.UK, wed like to know more about your visit today. , Self-declared from HR records, for serving magistrates, as at 1 April 2020. Of all female offenders cautioned or convicted in 2019, 35% were first time offenders, compared to 22% for males. Youth custody report for September 2016 published. The overall levels of FSM eligibility for the cohort was slightly higher for the young female group (61%) compared to the young male group (57%). We also use cookies set by other sites to help us deliver content from their services. Figure 4.04: Percentage of Penalty Notices for Disorder issued, by offence and sex, 2019. The overall ACSL (where sex is known) has been increasing over the last 5 years, from 16.3 months in 2015 to 19.0 months in 2019. The most common sentence for summary benefit fraud offences was a community sentence, received by 45% of females and 58% of males convicted for this offence in 2019. Documents fulfilling this requirement have been published since 1992, in the form of statistical information. The given number currently represents about . They are awarded National Statistics status following an assessment by the Authoritys regulatory arm. Of the 62,800 offenders released from prison sentences in 2019, 91% were male and 9% female. (2020). The biggest difference between males and females in median days from offence to completion is the 102 days more (25%) for females in fraud offence cases, which can be explained by the 108 days higher offence to charge for females in comparison to males. , Individuals with known sex. In 2019, 43% of all PSRs were written, fast delivery PSRs[footnote 52] (females 39%, males 44%). Of the females remanded in custody at the Crown Court for indictable offences in 2019, 80% were White, 10% were Black, 4% were Asian, 5% were Mixed and 2% were Chinese and Other. ONS data from 2012 shows that of the UK's 400,000 single parent families, only 13.5% of these (54,000) are single dads. Of the 34,300 defendants convicted for shoplifting, 9,600 (28%) were female. , The custody rate is the proportion of all offenders sentenced to immediate custody, out of all sentencing outcomes. This was higher than the proportion of pupils eligible for FSM in the overall pupil population (including both offenders and non-offenders) in 2013/14 and 2014/15 (14% for both young females and young males). , Children can be sentenced to custody in three different establishment types: Young Offender Institutions are for males aged 15-17 only, no females. The majority of female homicides took place in or around a house/dwelling (71%), whereas only 39% of male homicides took place here. The proportion issued to females has slightly decreased over the last 5 years, from 24% in 2015. Figure 5.05: Crime lower legal aid workload by sex and legal aid category, 2019. Youth custody report November 2017 and youth custody data for November 2017 published. Figure 5.09: The level of concordance between sentences proposed and outcomes for female and male offenders, by sentence type, 2019[footnote 56]. All court reports included in published PSR statistics relate to offenders of known sex. This has remained broadly stable since 2015. In 2017, the aggregate amount of child support that was expected for receipt was $30 billion; 62% of that amount was actually received, averaging $3,431 per custodial parent. Crime higher concerns legal representation in the Crown Court and above. These include: National liaison and diversion services data from NHS England, Survey data from Her Majestys Inspectorate of Prisons Annual Report, (New) Understanding Educational Background of Offenders (MoJ/ DfE data share). This idea was developed in the 1980s by Richard Gardner, a crank psychiatrist who thought child sexual abuse is not necessarily traumatic, and that mothers who don't fulfil their partners. This was significantly higher than the 3.4% of female adult victims in the same year (no significant change from 3.7% the previous year). A fast delivery PSR is only suitable where the case was of low seriousness or medium seriousness, and where the court indicates that a community sentence is being considered. In 2018/19, 21% of the 85,900 adults who engaged with liaison and diversion services were female. In the 2017/18 cohort, the reoffending rate was higher for males at 30%, compared to 23% for females. There are some depressing statistics in this regard: 83% of sole-custody awards go to women. (Michon, 2021) . Males were proportionately more likely to be victims of homicide in public places, notably on the street (males: 30%; females: 6%). The following section discusses child offenders at different stages of the Criminal Justice System. Isn't It Gender Discrimination? Youth custody report for August 2016 published. Tests for statistical significance are published in the Victims tables alongside this report. In the most recent year, the CPS and MoJ had the highest proportions of senior staff who were female at 57% and 51%, respectively; these were the only organisations where the representation of females in senior positions was higher than that of males. Figure 5.10: Proportion of offenders sentenced, by sentencing outcome and sex, 2019, Sentencing outcomes for indictable offences. First time offenders accounted for 24% of offenders who were cautioned or convicted In England and Wales in 2019, of which 78% were male and 22% females[footnote 88]. Wed like to set additional cookies to understand how you use GOV.UK, remember your settings and improve government services. Of all ethnic groups, both White female and White male offenders had the highest conviction ratios[footnote 72] for indictable offences at 84% and 85%, respectively, a trend that has remained broadly stable since 2015. Twenty-nine percent of fathers see their children, 1-4 times a month. Monthly statistics on the population in custody of children and young people within secure children's homes (SCHs), secure training centres (STCs) and young offender institutions (YOIs).. , Where there are multiple suspects in a homicide case, they are categorised in the Homicide Index as either the principal or a secondary suspect. In 2019, 1.07 million offenders were sentenced, of which 27% were female, a proportion which has remained stable over the last 5 years. Females reported that it was harder for family and friend to visit them in prison (this may be due to there being fewer female prisons so the average distance from home is greater). A consistently lower proportion of female defendants entered a guilty plea over the last 5 years, at 66% in 2019 compared to 71% of male defendants. This report provides an overview of these children and their custodial parents, including their socioeconomic characteristics and the types and the amount of child support received from noncustodial parents. Between 2015 and 2019, offenders of unknown sex comprised less than 1% of offenders. In 2018/19, a total of 85,900[footnote 28] adults engaged with liaison and diversion services, of which just over a fifth (21%) were females which is a higher proportion than those arrested (please see arrests section of this chapter). Theft from shops was the most common indictable offence for which 34% of females and 14% of males were convicted in 2019. In 2019, 26% of the 1.25 million defendants of known sex that had a completed case were female. Errors in our statistical systems and processes. To meet these commitments, all of our statistical publications will: Ensure that the need for major revisions for any series are pre-announced on the Ministry of Justice website. Where we have identified any third party copyright information you will need to obtain permission from the copyright holders concerned. Males were significantly more likely to fall victim to violence and robbery compared to females, with a significant increase in male robbery victims since 2017/18. In 2019, the average custodial sentence length (ACSL) for male offenders was 19.7 months compared to 11.3 months for female offenders. This compared to Black females, accounting for 6% of all female prosecutions White female defendants accounted for 87% of all female prosecutions, and this has been broadly stable since 2015. And while a bias against men in child custody cases has been around for decades, let's explain why this is happening from a legal perspective. Personal crime is defined by the CSEW as comprising of all violence and thefts. Youth custody data - October data published. Figure 5.03: Number of defendants proceeded against at magistrates courts, by offence type and sex, 2015 to 2019. Detail how users will be informed of the need for revisions. , In this section, children are the standard unit we are describing, even when not explicitly stating so in the text. Figure 5.12: Proportion of offenders sentenced to immediate custody, by custodial sentence length and sex, 2019[footnote 58]. This difference is driven by female offenders receiving shorter average custodial lengths than males. separation. For both young males and young females that received a sentence/caution in the matched cohort, over half received FSM. The proportion of PNDs issued to females was stable at 22% until 2018 when it fell to 19% and then to 18% in 2019. , Lancashire Constabulary and Greater Manchester Police were unable to supply complete data for 2018/19 and for 2019/20 respectively. We also use cookies set by other sites to help us deliver content from their services. News stories, speeches, letters and notices, Reports, analysis and official statistics, Data, Freedom of Information releases and corporate reports. , The overall increase in ACSL may be connected to changes in sentencing guidelines see accompanying technical guide for further details. Penalty Notices for Disorder (PND)[footnote 32] issued. This varies by offence type, females accounted for a higher proportion of prosecutions for summary offences (29%) than indictable offences (14%). This is particularly true in relation to the most serious offence types and sentences, though patterns by sex vary between individual offences. A contributing factor is the greater availability of females when an enforcement officer visits the home[footnote 116]. , Equivalently, a Key Stage 4 (KS4) academic year of 2013/14 and 2014/15. In 2019, a smaller proportion of female offenders were sentenced for indictable offences at 10%, compared to 22% of male offenders. This was considerably higher than the proportion of pupils eligible for FSM in the overall pupil population (including both offenders and non-offenders) in 2013/14[footnote 102] and 2014/15[footnote 103] (14% for both young females and young males). , Source: GCSE and equivalent attainment by pupil characteristics: 2014 - National and local authority tables: Table 1, Source: GCSE and equivalent results in England: 2014 to 2015 (revised) Characteristics national tables: Table CH1: GCSE and equivalent entries and achievements of pupils and the end of key stage 4 by pupil characteristics. , Self-declared from HR records, as at 1 April 2019. In 2019, the highest level of concordance (excluding suspended sentence orders) for both males and females was in custodial sentences, at 89% for males and 79% for females[footnote 55]. , Pupils at the end of Key Stage 4 are typically aged 15 and 16. This can be explained by a 7% rise for females and a 4% fall for males between 2018 and 2019. Some of the proportions presented in this analysis are based on small sample sizes so care should be taken when comparing results for different genders. It is important to note in the following analysis that there are many young people in the overall pupil population that have the characteristics described and do not go on to offend[footnote 93]. , We were only able to match data on those children who are both in DfE and MoJ datasets so cannot provide analysis specifically for non-offenders with these characteristics. , From April 2017, the upper age limit for the self-completion module was increased to ask all respondents aged 16 to 74. It will take only 2 minutes to fill in. Among young females who were dealt with by a community penalty, 90% had a record of persistent absence, compared to 82% of young males; a 9 percentage point difference. Over the last 5 years, there have been increases in female representation across almost all CJS organisations and in the proportion of senior staff. In 2019, the median average days from the offence to the completion of the criminal case was 153 days for females and 162 for males. The largest increase in female representation was seen in court judges by 5 percentage points, to 32%. (Office of National Statistics) 1 in 3 children - nearly 4 million in total - live without their father. As a consequence, care should be taken to ensure the limitations of these data are taken into account. Of all sexual offences, indecent exposure and unwanted touching had the highest prevalence rate. , The detailed results of the survey can be found in the offenders under supervision or in custody tables. 5 or more GCSEs (or equivalents) graded A* to G, including English & Maths. The median time from charge for first listing decreased for females (down 12%) but increased for males (up 15%). The figure was higher for custodial fathers at 54.6%. As at 30 June 2019, 15% of females and 6% of males were serving sentences of less than 12 months. Consistently, White females and males had the shortest ACSL while Asian females and males had the longest ACSL for indictable offences in 2019 at 20.8 months and 28.4 months, respectively. Her Majestys Prison and Probation Service (HMPPS) Equalities report was also released on the same day as this report. A higher proportion of young females were suspected as having issues with alcohol misuse, were identified at risk of suicide, self-harm or harm through personal neglect and in need of accommodation, education, employment or training. In 2019, the most common sentence for this offence was a fine, received by 87% of females sentenced and 90% of males. , Where there were multiple offences on the same occasion, only the primary offence as recorded on the Police National Computer (PNC) would be counted. Defendants with unknown or not stated ethnicity accounted for 28% of all indictable prosecutions in 2019. In fact, statistics are frequently cited that suggest around 90% of women are awarded custody, but they also fail to show that 60% of men get custody in a contested cases. In 2019, prosecutions by age distribution of males and female defendants was broadly similar, with the majority of defendants concentrated between the ages of 18 and 59. This file may not be suitable for users of assistive technology. Figure 5.07: Remand status at Crown Court, by sex, 2015 to 2019, Outcomes for defendants remanded in custody at Crown Court. Of all females sentenced in 2019, Black female offenders had the highest custody rate[footnote 75] at 23%. , Where sex is known. In 2019, offenders with 15 or more previous cautions or convictions comprised 25% of all offenders, 89% of offenders were male, compared to the 11% who were female. Figure 5.02: Individuals dealt with formally by the CJS, by sex, 2015 to 2019. A gender bias argument should not be used by a divorced father unless he has personal experience and can back up that experience with proof. Youth custody data for June 2017 published. Full details on data limitations and conclusion can be found in the technical guide. Figure 8.05: Custody rate by sex for indictable offences with the highest number of female offenders sentenced, England and Wales, 2019. Females represented 5% of the prison population and this proportion has remained stable over the last five years. Youth custody report for November 2014 published. This chapter reports on the trends in the composition of staff and practitioners throughout the criminal justice system (CJS) by sex. These figures had also reduced significantly from the previous year (males: 13.8%; females: 7.1%). Prison law comprised less than 1% of the female and 3% of the male workload; both proportions have remained steady in the last 5 years but reflect falling prison population figures. , Caution should be taken when comparing figures for senior staff, however, because the numbers of individuals represented are small - changing a single case could have a noticeable effect. , The conviction ratio is defined as the ratio of convictions to prosecutions for a principle offence over one year. Compared to males, a higher proportion of females reported: self-declared mental health problems, physical disability, having drug and alcohol problems, money worries and housing worries. Having a SEN statement may indicate a higher level of need. The proportion of adults who experienced violent crime generally decreased with increasing age. This publication is licensed under the terms of the Open Government Licence v3.0 except where otherwise stated. Include a detailed revisions policy within every release. National Statistics status can be removed at any point when the highest standards are not maintained and reinstated when standards are restored. In the same year, 51.7% of adults perceived the Criminal Justice System as effective; this did not significantly differ between sexes. June 28, 2018. Females reported better conditions and facilities than males regarding: having their own cell, clean clothes, clean sheets, relationships with staff and contacting family and friends. Our policy in handling revisions is to be transparent with users about: How and when to expect revisions as part of our standard processes. Consistently, the proportion of females who reported experiencing domestic abuse in the last year (7.3%) was twice that of males (3.6%). The proportion of females experiencing domestic abuse in 2019/20 was 7.3%, double that of males (3.6%). Female representation among court judges continued to steadily increase, similarly to the last five years (28% in 2016; 32% in 2020). In 2019/20, violence against the person and theft offences accounted for the largest proportion of arrests for both males and females. The processes by which other revisions will be communicated and published. , Senior roles are as follows: CPS: Senior Legal Manager, Chief Crown Prosecutor and Senior Civil Servant; MoJ: Senior Civil Servant; HMPPS: Senior Civil Servant; Police: Chief Inspector, Superintendent, Chief Superintendent, and Chief Officers; Judiciary: High Court Judges, Heads of Division and Lord Justices of Appeal. The HMPPS Offender Equalities report 2019/20 (released on the same day as this report) also includes information on: Mother and Baby units, Sexual Orientation in the Prison Population, Accredited Programmes, Incentives and Earned Privileges and Electronic Monitoring. , The data in this section refers to arrests for notifiable crimes recorded by the police. Youth custody data for January 2016 published. Court bail includes those remanded on bail at any stage of proceedings at magistrates or Crown Court who were never remanded in custody but who may also have been not remanded at some stage of those proceedings. If there is conviction information available, the suspect with the longest sentence/most serious conviction is determined as the principal suspect. The indictable offence groups with the highest proportion of females prosecuted were fraud offences (33% female) and theft offences (21% female), while the groups with the highest proportion of males prosecuted were sexual offences (98% male) and possession of weapons (93% male). For example, 83% of mothers receive custody of their children in divorces. In 2019/20, 7,002 prisoners completed the survey of which 694 were female. Figure 1.01: Proportions of males and females throughout the CJS, 2019. , Other demographic data, such as age and ethnicity, are available in the Crime in England and Wales Annual Trend and Demographic Tables. Youth custody report for April 2015 published. The custody rate ranged between 20% and 23% across all female ethnic groups. Females of all age groups were more likely to experience domestic abuse than males. Instances of self-harm per individual was over twice as high for females at 9.3, compared to 4.4 for males. In this section any analysis is conducted where the gender of the offender is known. In 2019/20, there was a significant difference between males (63.4%) and females (57.3%) who perceived the Criminal Justice System to be fair, as seen in previous years. , National liaison and diversion services offence groups are based on those used by the Home Office and are not directly comparable to those used in Criminal Justice Statistics quarterly: December 2019, which are used throughout the majority of this bulletin. Of those sentenced, a consistently higher proportion of female offenders were fined and had a lower average fine than male offenders over the last 5 years. A first time offender is an offender who has been arrested by police in England or Wales; and who has received a first conviction, caution or youth caution for any offence[footnote 87] recorded on the Police National Computer. , In 2019/20, the CPS moved from annual reporting, in the Violence Against Women and Girls annual report, to quarterly data. An oral report is usually completed within 24 hours of conviction where a limited amount of information is required by the sentencing court. The relative proportion of male and female victims has remained consistent over the last five years[footnote 20]. Figure 1.01: Proportions of males and females throughout the CJS, 2019 Victimisation Males maintain higher risk of personal crime than females.